A team led by ٺƵ researchers have come up with a new way to estimate the biological sex of human skeletal remains based on protein traces from teeth.
Tooth of a European-American buried in San Francisco in the 1850s.
A new technique developed at ٺƵ allows archaeologists to find a person’s biological sex based on a single tooth.
Estimating the sex of human remains is important for archaeologists who want to understand ancient societies and peoples. Researchers can measure features of bones that differ between males and females, usually the pelvis. But skeletons of children and adolescents don’t show these structural changes, and often sites may only yield a few pieces of bone.
DNA analysis is relatively expensive and DNA is quite fragile compared to other molecules, said ٺƵ anthropologist Jelmer Eerkens.
Teeth, on the other hand, preserve well and are often found in archaeological sites.
A tooth can tell us a lot about the person to whom it belonged, Eerkens said.
“Wear patterns on the tooth can tell us about diet. Morphology of the tooth can tell us about ancestry (different populations around the world have slight variations in the shape of teeth). Plaque adhering to the tooth can tell us about bacteria in the person’s mouth, including pathogenic bacteria. We can radiocarbon date the tooth to learn how old it is. And stable isotope data can tell us about how a person traveled across the landscape,” he said.
The new method developed by Glendon Parker, associate adjunct professor of environmental toxicology at ٺƵ with Julia Yip, a student in the ٺƵ graduate program in forensic sciences, Brett Phinney of the ٺƵ Proteomics Core Facility, Eerkens and colleagues uses sensitive mass spectrometry to measure proteins from teeth.
Tooth enamel genes on sex chromosomes
Amelogenin proteins play a role in the formation of tooth enamel. The genes for amelogenins happen to be located on the X and Y chromosomes that determine biological sex in humans, although amelogenin has nothing to do with this. Forensic DNA analyses for sex often depend on looking for the amelogenin X or Y genes.
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