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Speaking and Listening Seem More Difficult in a Masked World, But People Are Adapting

嘿嘿视频 Linguistics Study

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嘿嘿视频 students communicate while wearing masks in a lab class held on campus in fall 2020. A new linguistics study shows that people can effectively communicate and be understood while wearing a mask. (Karin Higgins/嘿嘿视频)

Ten months into COVID-19 living, people are adapting to speaking from behind, and understanding others who are wearing, a cloth face mask, University of California, Davis, researchers suggest in a new study.

Researchers in the Department of Linguistics at 嘿嘿视频 and University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, investigated how well speech is understood from those speaking while wearing a cloth mask. Due to social distancing measures, speakers for the study consisted of individuals from the same household, who recorded sentences while wearing a face mask and not wearing a face mask. The researchers tested how well a separate group of listeners, 63 individuals at 嘿嘿视频, could understand these productions. They found that masked speech was not more difficult to understand. And in some cases, understanding was improved.

鈥淪trikingly, when speakers are instructed to 'speak clearly' while wearing a face-mask, their speech is even better understood by listeners (compared to when the speakers are unmasked),鈥 said the study鈥檚 lead author, , a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow in linguistics at 嘿嘿视频.

鈥淩esults from the current study revealed that wearing a fabric face mask does not uniformly affect speech intelligibility across styles. 鈥 speakers are dynamically assessing listener difficulty and adapting their 鈥榗lear鈥 speech accordingly,鈥 she said.

The , 鈥淚ntelligibility of face-masked speech depends on speaking style: Comparing casual, clear, and emotional speech,鈥 investigated the impact of wearing a fabric face mask on speech comprehension, an under-explored topic that can inform theories of speech production. It was published online in the journal Cognition in January.

Speakers, who were members of the same household, produced sentences in three speech styles (casual, clear, positive-emotional) while in both masked and unmasked conditions. Audio-recording equipment was mailed to their home.

In the experiment, researchers added background noise to a recording of a variety of sentences being spoken. The ambient noise made it more difficult to understand speakers, mimicking, for example, the circumstances at crowded supermarkets or in public, Cohn said.

These recordings were played to listeners who completed the experiment online. (Listeners were all native speakers of American English recruited from a 嘿嘿视频 psychology pool.) Their task was to listen carefully to each sentence, and type the last word that they heard. 

For example, after hearing the sentence: 鈥淢iss Brown might consider the coast,鈥 the participant would type 鈥渃oast鈥 if they heard the word correctly, or perhaps 鈥渢oast鈥 if they heard it incorrectly. For 鈥渃asual鈥 and 鈥渟miled鈥 speech, listeners were less able to identify words when the speakers were wearing a fabric face mask, compared to when they were not wearing one, researchers found.

The results showing that most people could, however, adapt their speaking and listening skills can be used to produce practical public recommendations for face-masked speech adaptations in everyday situations. By instructing talkers to 鈥渟peak clearly鈥 the disadvantages of face-masked speech in noisy conditions can be overcome, researchers said.

鈥淔urther, the results highlight the adaptive nature of human speech, and help us to understand why it is a successful communication tool, even in situations where listening is difficult,鈥 Cohn said.

Co-authors of the study are , associate professor, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, and associate professor of linguistics at 嘿嘿视频.

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Karen Nikos-Rose, News and Media Relations, 530-219-5472, kmnikos@ucdavis.edu

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