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Soft-spoken bison sire more calves

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Graduate student Megan Wyman uses a hand-held sound meter to measure bison bellows in Nebraskas Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge.
嘿嘿视频 geography graduate student Megan Wyman measures the amplitude of a bison's bellow in Nebraska's Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge.

During bison mating season, the quietest bulls score the most mates and sire the most offspring, while studs with the loudest bellows see the least action, according to a surprising new study by researchers at 嘿嘿视频 and Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego. The researchers also found that the volume of a bull鈥檚 bellow was not related to its weight or age.

鈥淲e were expecting to find that the bigger, stronger guys鈥攖he high-quality males鈥攚ould have the loudest bellows, because they can handle the costs of it,鈥 said Megan Wyman, a 嘿嘿视频 graduate student in geography and the study鈥檚 lead author. 鈥淏ut, instead, we found the opposite.鈥

The study, published in the November issue of the journal Animal Behaviour, was the first to examine the correlation between amplitude, or loudness, of a mammal鈥檚 vocalizations and reproductive success.

Most studies of vocalized sexual signals among animals have focused on the pitch characteristics, timing and duration of calls. Amplitude has received much less attention, Wyman said, largely because loudness is especially difficult to measure in the field. By the time a grunt reaches a sound-level meter, the grunt鈥檚 amplitude may have been affected by the animal鈥檚 distance from the meter, the direction the animal was facing when it called, wind conditions and a number of other factors.

Bison bellows are loud, low-frequency vocalizations performed by bulls during the rut. They are most commonly used when one male challenges another, typically when the two are within 45 to 90 feet of each other. Yet sometimes a bellow will attract bulls from farther away, and this may be one reason that a herd鈥檚 dominant bulls keep their voices down, Wyman speculated.

鈥淚t could be that bulls provide information about their high quality through other signals鈥攆or example, the frequency or the duration of their bellows. So they don鈥檛 have to be louder, they just have to be heard,鈥 she said. 鈥淚f you bellow too loudly, it could bring in too many other bison to check you out.鈥

The bigger question raised by the study, Wyman said, is why lower-quality males do not turn down the volume of their bellows to emulate their more successful rivals.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 a lot harder to explain,鈥 she said. 鈥淚t could be that if you use a quieter volume, other bulls have to approach even closer to check you out, and any time you bring someone that close, there鈥檚 a higher risk of attack. And that鈥檚 the type of cost that these low-ranking bulls may not be able to bear.鈥

To learn how bison communicate with one another, Wyman and Michael S. Mooring of Point Loma Nazarene University, and a number of student interns spent two summers monitoring 325 wild bison in Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in the Sandhills region of north-central Nebraska. The animals were well habituated to the four-wheel drive vehicles the team used to shadow them, and each animal was easily identifiable by a unique brand it had been given as a calf.

Observing the herd for 14 hours each day during the two-month rut of July and August, the team recorded each copulation and detailed the tangled web of connections among males and females as bulls lost and gained cows during intense competition. To assess where each bull ranked in the herd鈥檚 hierarchy of dominance, Wyman tallied outcomes of challenges between rivals, including threats that ended with an animal backing down in the face of combat, as well as full-blown, head-to-head fights. When calves were born the following spring, DNA samples were taken to determine parentage.

For measurements of amplitude, Wyman used a hand-held sound-level meter from the safety of her vehicle. With each reading, she also recorded specific behaviors of the bull, his female and any challenging rivals, as well as noting the factors that could affect the level of the reading such as the bull鈥檚 head orientation, the animal's distance from the meter, and the wind conditions.

After selecting for accuracy and quality, she narrowed some 2,000 readings taken from 67 bulls down to 408 readings from 44 bulls.

Her analysis showed that, on average, the least successful bulls鈥攖hose with the lowest number of copulations and offspring鈥攂ellowed at least 50 percent louder than their more successful rivals, corresponding to decibel readings averaging from 109 per bull down to 103. This drop in volume correlated with a rise in the number of times a bull copulated from none to five, and the number of calves it sired from none to nine.

These data are just a portion of the information the researchers collected in the field with the overarching goal of understanding how bison communicate vocally. Yet the results clearly indicate that loudness as a factor of animal communication should receive more attention, Wyman said. 鈥淲e鈥檝e shown a way of using simple, affordable instruments in the field that can give a good measure of amplitude,鈥 she explained. 鈥淚鈥檓 hoping that researchers will now start looking at amplitude as something that matters.鈥

The studty's co-authors: Professor Lynette Hart and Associate Researcher Brenda McCowan with the Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Associate Research Geneticist Cecilia Penedo in the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, all at 嘿嘿视频.

Funding for the study was provided by the National Science Foundation, the American Society for Mammalogists Grant-in-Aid, Animal Behavior Society Student Research Grant, and the Marjorie and Charles Elliott Fellowship Fund of UC Davis.

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Dave Jones, Dateline, 530-752-6556, dljones@ucdavis.edu

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