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The waters of Lake Tahoe are warming up at almost twice the rate of the world's oceans, probably as a consequence of global climate change, according to a new study by ºÙºÙÊÓƵ scientists. The higher warming rate, reported for the first time in the new study, could have major implications for public plans to keep the lake blue.

It is not known if a warmer Lake Tahoe would be bluer and clearer or greener and murkier. But warmer water temperatures almost certainly will mean less mixing of lake waters, which could have two effects: Reduced mixing could mean less dilution of particle concentrations in the surface water each winter, keeping the water cloudy. Or it could mean fewer nutrients get carried from deep waters to shallow waters to stimulate algal growth, making the water clearer.

"It's not immediately obvious what the potential effects of climate change will be to the lake's clarity," said lakes expert Geoffrey Schladow, director of the ºÙºÙÊÓƵ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. "ºÙºÙÊÓƵ and other research teams in the Tahoe Basin have been figuring out how this lake works for 40-plus years. We've had to factor in the emerging impacts of growth and development in the basin.

"Now we will factor in a warming climate, with all the changes that could bring to the dynamics of the lake's water system, including changes in rainfall and snowfall amounts, the amount and seasonal timing of rainwater and snowmelt runoff, and lake mixing."

Indeed, other researchers have previously reported that winter air temperatures in the Sierra are rising, and spring snowmelt and runoff are occurring earlier.

"These are worrisome findings," Schladow said. "Weather-pattern changes in the northern Sierra are likely to affect water supplies for cities and agriculture in much of California. They have the potential to impact the entire operation of the state's system of reservoirs and rivers, and the ecological systems they support."

While the most important local implications of the new findings have to do with Lake Tahoe clarity, they have broader significance as evidence of climate change in the northern Sierra Nevada.

For the new study, ºÙºÙÊÓƵ research ecologist Robert Coats analyzed a 33-year data set of more than 7,300 measurements of lake-water temperature collected by ºÙºÙÊÓƵ scientists. Coats also is a consulting hydrologist and owner of the firm Hydroikos Ltd. in San Rafael.

Coats found that from 1969 to 2002, Lake Tahoe's water temperature increased, on average, 0.027 degrees Fahrenheit (0.015 degrees Celsius) per year.

Over the 33-year period, the temperature increased about 0.88 degrees Fahrenheit (0.5 degrees Celsius). This is similar to warming reported in other big lakes around the world, including the Great Lakes of North America; Lake Zurich, Switzerland; and Lake Tanganyika, Africa.

It is about twice the warming reported, on average, for the world's oceans, according to reports by scientists measuring indications of global climate change (such as shifts in air and water temperatures, precipitation amounts and patterns, cloud coverage, ice coverage and plant distribution).

Coats also compared the Tahoe water-temperature records to Tahoe air-temperature records. He found that nighttime air temperatures rose 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) in the past 90 years -- sufficient to account for most of the water warm-up.

"Also, in looking at the precipitation data for Tahoe City over the same period, we found a significant shift from snowfall to rain," he said.

Coats has four ºÙºÙÊÓƵ co-authors on the new study. Joaquim Perez-Losada, a post-doctoral researcher, ran a computer model to confirm that the observed changes in lake temperature and internal heat storage were consistent with lake weather records. Schladow contributed to the analysis, as did pioneering Tahoe researcher Charles Goldman.

The final author is staff research associate Robert Richards, who measured lake temperature and many other parameters of the lake ecosystem aboard ºÙºÙÊÓƵ research boats, week in and week out, in all weathers, from 1969 until his retirement in October.

Coats presented the new findings at the in Asilomar last March, and in a poster at last week's meeting of the in San Francisco. (Posters are often used by scientists to share new results with professional colleagues before the results are published in a science journal.) He has submitted the study for publication in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.

Goldman, a limnologist, or expert in the science of lakes, began scientific studies of Lake Tahoe in 1959. He introduced novel techniques for measuring the ecological health of the lake and was the first scientist to warn that Tahoe's famous cobalt blue color was threatened.

Now many academic institutions and public agencies are working together to restore and preserve the Tahoe Basin ecosystem. Some of the most active research programs are at ºÙºÙÊÓƵ; the University of Nevada, Reno; the Desert Research Institute; NASA; the Lahontan Region of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board (which helped fund this new water-temperature study); the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection; the California Air Resources Board; the U.S. Forest Service; and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.

All those groups are currently engaged in producing an unprecedented set of environmental management plans for the basin, called . ºÙºÙÊÓƵ research scientist John Reuter heads one of the cornerstone research projects for Pathway 2007, the development of a system to quantify and limit pollutants entering the lake.

To further efforts to understand and protect the lake, ºÙºÙÊÓƵ is building the , a modern $13 million research and public-education center, to be located near the lake, on the campus of Sierra Nevada College in Incline Village, Nev. It is set to open in 2007. It will be the largest research laboratory in the Tahoe Basin.

The new center will house ºÙºÙÊÓƵ' research labs and Sierra Nevada College's undergraduate science program. It will give many students the opportunity to work with researchers and provide a facility for collaborative research across many disciplines.

The University of California is one of the world's foremost research and teaching institutions, and ºÙºÙÊÓƵ is the University of California's flagship campus for environmental studies. ºÙºÙÊÓƵ is a global leader in environmental studies relating to air and water pollution; water and land use; agricultural practices; endangered species management; invasive plants and animals; climate change; resource economics; information technology; and human society and culture. One in six of ºÙºÙÊÓƵ' 1,500 faculty members specializes in an environment-related subject.