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Warmer oceans promote invasive animals and threaten natives, say ºÙºÙÊÓƵ marine biologists who report striking new evidence from the eastern Pacific fishing harbor of Bodega Bay, Calif.

For 50 years, researchers at the university's Bodega Marine Laboratory have been monitoring plant and animal life in the bay, said study co-author Susan Williams, a ºÙºÙÊÓƵ professor of evolution and ecology and an expert on near-shore ecosystems. In that time, water temperatures have climbed more than 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit, and there are now twice as many nonnative species as there are natives.

To better understand what continued warming might mean for this and other saltwater communities, the ºÙºÙÊÓƵ researchers recently studied so-called "fouling organisms" -- the squishy or prickly creatures that live on rocks, docks, boat hulls, seawater pipelines and shellfish farms.

The biologists carried these bryozoans (also called moss animals) and tunicates (sea squirts) from Bodega Bay to their laboratories, where they measured the creatures' tolerance to the higher water temperatures that have been predicted by climate scientists.

"We determined that introduced species tolerated significantly higher temperatures than natives," Williams said. "Our results strongly suggest that, as ocean temperatures continue to increase, native species in this system will decrease in abundance, whereas introduced species are likely to increase."

The lead author of these studies is Cascade Sorte, a former ºÙºÙÊÓƵ doctoral student who is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Marine Science Center of Northeastern University in Massachusetts. The research was described in the journals Ecology (August) and Oikos (online, July; print, in press).

Funding came from the American Association of University Women, the California Ocean Protection Council and the National Science Foundation.